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Pegasus Exploit Timeline
A chronological history of Pegasus, NSO Group, documented exploits, and key legal/policy developments from 2010 to 2026.
NSO Group Founded
NSO Group Technologies founded in Herzliya, Israel by Niv Karmi, Omri Lavie, and Shalev Hulio.
Francisco Partners Acquisition
Francisco Partners acquires NSO Group for $130M.
Trident Discovered
Citizen Lab and Lookout document the Trident exploit chain targeting Ahmed Mansoor, a UAE human rights activist. First public documentation of Pegasus.
Apple Patches Trident
Apple releases iOS 9.3.5 patching the Trident vulnerabilities.
Pegasus on Android
Lookout and Citizen Lab document the first Android variant of Pegasus.
WhatsApp Integration
Reports emerge of Pegasus delivery via WhatsApp vulnerabilities.
KISMET Discovered
Citizen Lab documents KISMET, a zero-click iMessage exploit targeting iOS 12.
WhatsApp v. NSO Lawsuit
WhatsApp/Meta sues NSO Group in US federal court for exploiting WhatsApp's call feature to deliver Pegasus to ~1,400 targets.
Novalpina Acquisition
Novalpina Capital acquires NSO Group from Francisco Partners.
Twitter Notification
Twitter sends notifications to users it identified as targets of state-sponsored attacks, later linked to Pegasus.
FORCEDENTRY Discovered
Citizen Lab documents FORCEDENTRY, a zero-click iMessage exploit using a PDF vulnerability (CVE-2021-30860) to deliver Pegasus.
Pegasus Project Published
Forbidden Stories and Amnesty International publish the Pegasus Project investigation, revealing 50,000+ phone numbers on a leaked target list.
Apple v. NSO Lawsuit
Apple sues NSO Group in US federal court for targeting Apple users with FORCEDENTRY.
US Entity List
The US Commerce Department adds NSO Group to the Entity List, restricting access to US technology.
Apple Threat Notifications
Apple begins sending Threat Notifications to users targeted by state-sponsored attackers.
Lockdown Mode Introduced
Apple introduces Lockdown Mode in iOS 16, an extreme security setting to block mercenary spyware.
EU PEGA Committee
The European Parliament establishes the PEGA Committee to investigate Pegasus use in EU member states.
Israel Export Controls
Israel's Defense Ministry tightens export oversight of NSO Group.
Cytrox Entity List
The US adds Cytrox (Intellexa consortium) to the Entity List.
BLASTPASS Discovered
Citizen Lab documents BLASTPASS, a zero-click iMessage exploit using a PassKit vulnerability (CVE-2023-41064) to deliver Pegasus.
Apple Rapid Security Response
Apple releases an emergency Rapid Security Response patching BLASTPASS.
Quadream Exposed
Israeli newspaper Calcalist exposes Quadream, another Israeli spyware vendor similar to NSO Group.
LOCKDOWN-LESS Discovered
Citizen Lab documents a Pegasus variant that exploited iOS 17 even on devices with Lockdown Mode enabled. Apple patches in iOS 17.4.1.
EU AI Act
The EU AI Act enters into force, with provisions relevant to surveillance technology.
WhatsApp Wins District Court Ruling
The US district court rules in favor of WhatsApp in WhatsApp v. NSO Group, finding NSO violated federal and state hacking laws.
WhatsApp Jury Verdict: $167M Damages
A jury awards WhatsApp $167 million in damages against NSO Group. The district court enters a permanent injunction barring NSO from ever targeting WhatsApp and its users again.
Chromium-based Android Exploit
Google TAG documents a Chromium-based zero-click exploit targeting Android devices, linked to a mercenary spyware vendor.
Intellexa Founder Sentenced to 8 Years
A Greek court sentences the founder of Intellexa and three others to 8 years in prison over the Greek spyware scandal — the first-ever criminal conviction of spyware company executives.
Citizen Lab: Espionage Against European Parliament
Citizen Lab documents Pegasus targeting of a member of a committee investigating spyware use, representing espionage against the European Parliament (July 3, 2026).
Amnesty 'Inside Pegasus' Published
Amnesty International Security Lab publishes its most complete analysis of Pegasus to date, based on internal NSO Group documents from the WhatsApp litigation. Reveals NSO's active operational role through 'White Services' team, PATN, and 24/7 NOC (July 31, 2026).
WhatsApp Files Contempt Against NSO
WhatsApp asks the court to hold NSO Group in contempt for violating the permanent injunction, citing continued NSO-linked spearphishing attempts and test account creation on WhatsApp (June 8, 2026).
Apple Threat Notifications: 110 Countries
Apple sends a new batch of threat notifications to users in 110 countries. Updated delivery now includes iPhone Lock Screen and Settings. Total reach: 150+ countries since 2021 (August 13, 2026).
Citizen Lab: Serbian Activist Infected
Citizen Lab confirms Pegasus infection of a Serbian pro-democracy student activist, demonstrating continued use against civil society in Europe (September 2, 2026).
New iMessage Variant
Citizen Lab documents a new Pegasus iMessage variant targeting iOS 18. Apple patches in iOS 18.3.
Documented Exploits
Trident
SMS link (one-click)
WhatsApp 2019
WhatsApp calling infrastructure
KISMET
iMessage
FORCEDENTRY
iMessage
HOMAGE
iMessage (zero-click capability)
FINDMYPWN
iMessage / FindMy
PWNYOURHOME
HomeKit + iMessage (two-stage)
BLASTPASS
PassKit / iMessage
Serbia 2025-2026 (iMessage zero-click)
iMessage
